2-KRISTINA WAGNER
H417 – July 19
Presentation #1/ 2

1. What 3 adjectives best describe California’s distinctive environment? Why?
2. Diverse – Many different California landscapes are extreme and farthest removed from the ordinary. (Vasquez Rocks, Big Sur (CAL coast, Mojave Desert in the snow, Garner Valley, the Gorman poppies and the redwood trees).
3. Romantic – In viewing these pictures we see that the landscapes are suggestive of the world of romance. We can’t help but feel the intensity of their beauty. A fascination of nature draws tourism.
4. Unforgiving – The land shows no mercy. It’s unrelenting. Its shaky faults create insecurity. It’s liable to break down and give away. Native Americans and first Europeans were dwellers in the unforgiveable nature of weather and geomorphic activity. The land does not allow carelessness or weakness.
5. What 3 adjectives best describe California’s native population? Why?
6. Efficient -   California Indians adapted to this environment and dwelt in their land for thousands of years. Their social system was simplistic and harmonious. Their effective use of baskets replaced pottery and metal tools used by other North American tribes. (With the exception of groups in the Owens Valley and along the lower Colorado River.) They hunted and fished with precision. Baskets were used for cooking over hot coals and some baskets actually held water. Others were woven into socks, bottles, hair ties, hats, trays, plaques and cradleboards. They treated illness with a visit to the Temescal or sweathouse. They periodically burned down their dwellings and the sweathouses. This removed vermin.
7. Creative -  Natives were fine craftsmen. Canoes were carved with dexterity and skill. Women’s basket making was a symbol of their commitment to their families. Basket weaver, Theresa Secord said, “If the weaving isn’t going well, stop, put it down and go meditate and pray.” Edward S. Curtis was a photographer who wanted to document, “The old time Indian, his dress, his ceremonies, his life and manners.” He created a major influence on the image of Indians in pop culture.
8. Athletic -    During hunting they could run down deer until the deer fell to the ground in exhaustion. For recreation they played ball games and competed in jumping and leaping but Andrew Rolle points out in his book that, “the contestants accepted defeat with the same good sportsmanship that they displayed in victory.”

3.)        Who were the first Europeans to explore Alto California, and why was the region
important?

1. Spanish navigator, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. It was believed by some that the banks of the northern strait of California were rich with gold. There were tales of the Seven Cities of Cibola, the Kingdom of La Gran Quivira, and hordes of gold in El Dorado.
2. Other efforts, made by Francisco de Ulloa and Bartolomé Ferrelo and Andrés Urdaneta were not as successful as Cabrillo.
3. Englishmen Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish established a friendly relationship with the Indians but attacked Spanish ships. The Queen Elizabeth I of England wanted to “annoy the King of Spain in his Indies.” Captain Sebastian Vizcaino named San Diego, Santa Catalina Island, Santa Barbara, Point Conception, Monterey, and Carmel.

4.)        Who were the first Europeans to colonize? Why did they decide to settle in the
            region?

• After the Seven Years’ War, Spain made attempts to protect Spanish territory from New England colonization. King Charles sent José de Gálvez to expel the Jesuits from Spanish colonies. The King ordered Franciscan priests to replace the “black robe” Jesuits. They became the key colonizers in Alta California. Galvez selected Fray Junipero Serra and Gaspar de Portola. Father Serra established nine missions and was driven to convert the Indians to Catholicism. Portola became the first governor of both Californias and the leader of the expedition over a 1,000 mile trail from Baja to San Francisco

3-CAITLIN FOUCH
07/19/2011

Presentation #1/ 3

Question: #3 - Who were the first Europeans to explore Alta California, and why was the region important?
Conclusion:
            -The Spanish:

• Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo:
• Party consisted of two poorly built ships which set sail from the port of Navidad in June of 1542. The voyage took seven and a half months round trip. In September of 1542 Cabrillo entered the future harbor of San Diego formally marking the discovery of Alta, California. Cabrillo continued up the California Coast, seeing well known ports and bays such as Los Angeles, Monterey, and San Francisco before having to winter at San Miguel Island. Cabrillo died in January of 1543.

• Later Expeditions:
• There were later expeditions along the coast of California, one of the better know was of Francis Drake with his secret commission from Queen Elizabeth I. It is not known how far up the coast of California Drake and his expedition went though it is believed that he ported his ship at Point Reyes, later named Drake Bay. Drake also made contact with the natives in the area, forming relations in which they supposedly accepted England’s sovereignty over them.

-Treasure & Trade:

• Women, Pearls, and Gold
• Originally California was an interest to the Spanish for the belief that it held many treasures as stated the in the Las Sergas saga which was popular at the time. California was believed to be the island that Cortez referred to which had Amazon women and was filled with pearls and gold. Even the famous legend of the city of El Dorado was believed to be located somewhere within California. This hysteria is what caused Cortez to send two expeditions in an attempt to find this famed treasure but to no avail, one ended in mutiny and the other only going as far as Baja California.

• The Philippines
• The Spanish wanted to hold their control over California by creating a route to the Pacific. This new route was between the Philippines to Mexico in which silver was brought over the islands in exchange for things such as silks, spices, and jewels which were then shipped to Mexico then onto Spain. California was looked as a prospect as a safe landing spot for the returning galleons. Overall, California was looked at as the key to holding power of the Pacific region of the world.

4-TRISTAN GABLE

Presentation Questions (#4): Who were the first Europeans to colonize?  Why did they decide to settle in the region?

Colonization of California by European explorers started with the expeditions of three Jesuit missionaries:

1. Eusebio Francesco Kino.  Italian, an explorer, cartographer, astronomer.  Founded missions in New Spain as early as 1678.
2. Juan Maria de Salvatierra - Italian, built first mission in Baja California, 1697.
3. Father Juan de Ugarte - Spaniard, worked to convert indians to Christianity.

Spanish impetus for full-scale settlement in Alta California was two-fold.

1. Russian explorers Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikof explored the Alaskan coastline in 1741.
2. Russian vessels, hunting sea otters, pushed continually south in search of more game.
3. The end of the Seven Year’s War (aka the French and Indian War) in 1763 removed France as a buffer zone between Spanish and English territory in North America.
4. With the English free to begin pushing west, the Spanish felt compelled to expand north out of New Spain (Mexico).

Jose de Galvez, inspector general of New Spain in 1765.
He replaced the Jesuit missionaries with Franciscans.
Galvez chose Junipero Serra and Gaspar de Portola to lead settlement efforts in Alta California.

1769 - four expeditions were launched into Alta California, two by land, two by sea.

1. Well stocked: seeds, farm equipment, cattle.
2. Well armed: soldiers and Christianized Indians.

April 1769 - the sea expeditions successfully rendezvous in San Diego harbor.

1. Crews suffered from scurvy and dysentery, lack of food and fresh water.

May/June 1769 - arrival of both land expeditions.

1. 300 men in the expeditions
2. over 100 failed to survive to reach San Diego
3. only 64 healthy men remained, Portola went further north with them

Portola’s expedition reached the Bay of Monterey and continued further.  In November 1769, he reached San Francisco Bay, then turned back south.  Portola claimed Carmel Bay and Cypress Point for Spain.  They returned to San Diego in January 1770.  In March, vital supplies arrived and stabilized the community

Once San Diego was secure, Portola ventured north again to found settlements.  He built a fort at Monterey Bay and Serra founded a mission at Carmel.

Portola is credited as the first European explorer of Alta California.

5-David Whitlock

#5/ How does La Perouse describe "life:" in the California missions? What are the most significant observations offered by La Perouse, and to what extent do you think they are accurate? Why or why not?
1.  La Perouse is very good at describing many details on “life” in the missions, though it is clear that mission life is far below his European standards.  He describes the huts in which the natives live as “wretched,” but he still manages to give estimated measurements of their size.  La Perouse learns from the Monks that the Native’s normal days consist “of seven hours labor and two hours prayer, but there are four or five hours of prayer on Sundays and feast days.” (82) La Perouse also regrettably notes that sins are punished “by irons and the stocks.” (82)  He seems to feel some pity towards the Natives when he describes their attempts to escape the Mission.  When escapees are hunted, La Perouse says “they never make any resistance to the three or four soldiers who so evidently violate the rights of men in their persons.” (82)
2.  I believe La Perouse to be very accurate in the physical descriptions of life in the California Missions.  He appears to note even the smallest details in order to educate the French on life in the Missions of California.  The problem with La Perouse’s observations does not lie in their accuracy.  La Perouse comes to California with a bias that almost all Europeans would find hard to overcome.  La Perouse sees the native people as savages that need European influence.  La Perouse writes that “these people have very few ideas, and still less stability, and that if they were to cease to to be treated like children, they would escape from those who have taken the pains to instruct them.” (70)  It is only later in the journal that La Perouse takes note of the mistreatment of the natives.  He writes of the Native customs and skills with fascination and envy.  It is this excitement over what the natives are capable of that leads me to believe that La Perouse would do his best to document his observations as accurate as possible.

6-Dmitriy Belyavskiy

1. Missions (21)
2.  Presidios (4)
3.  Pueblos   (7)

Missions were mainly established for the saving of the souls of pagan/heathen natives, but also as a labor force.
Three requisites: arable soil for crops; water supply and the large native population. Missions were also schools where natives did daily work and were taught trades. The friars were versatile men with knowledge in many different fields.
Presidos, or frontier fortresses to protect missions from native uprisings and to guard Spanish’s claims to the area against foreign interlopers. In reality they were small dwellings with a few bronze cannons and could’ve hardly  stood up against an attack by a well-equipped ship of war. Notable SF presido established by Juan Bautista de Anza.
Pueblos: presidal pueblos were under military rule, consisted of garrisoned soldiers, a small church, quarters for officers and sodliers.
Mission pueblos, were attached to missions
Civic pueblos, each settler was entitled to a house lot, livestock and used for agricultural purposes and to sell their surplus to the presidios.
Many governors tried to control Alta California: Felipe de Neve, tried to establish new missions and pueblos at the Colorado River. The result was the Yuma Massacre in a typical “civilized” fashion of the natives.
Pedro Fages wanted to explore more but his young wife came in disagreement with California’s missionaries.
It was harder to control: spiritless frontier troops were badly equipped and long without a pay
California’s last Spanish governor was Pablo Vincente Sola looked with contempt upon the colonials, angered them and also the problems of smuggling occurred.
Eventually the Spanish Empire was about to crumble throughout Latin America. Mexico became independent in 1821.

7-Luis Lainez

#7/ To what extent were Americans and non-Spanish European powers significant to the economy of Alta California? (Rolle Chapter 7)

·         Notoriously monopolistic, Spain's crown only permitted subject colonies exclusive trade with royal merchants. Spanish orders, originating in Mexico City, mandated Californian governors to combat piracy and smuggling from American merchants, a problem that increased steadily in the late 18th century. Occasionally, an American captain would put into a port too near a garrison and face cannon attacks or, if already trading on land, face arrest for as many as two years as was the case for Captain George Washington Eayrs. Unfortunately, for the Spanish viceroy in New Spain, "officials remained almost powerless to prevent contraband trade between Californios and the masters of the visiting 'Boston ships.'" (pp55)

·         Local Governors, especially those furthest north in Alta California, were realistic: they realized that patrolling the vast Californian shores was an impossibility and were willing to negotiate. Ivan Kuskov constructed an otter fur trade station without the slightest pretense of consulting Governor Arrillaga. After a peacefully inspection of Kuskov's unusually fortified trading station, Governor Arrillaga responded sympathetically to Kuskov's malnourished Aleut hunters, providing them horses, cattle, and wheat (pp57). Although Arrillaga had orders from the viceroy to evict Kuskov, his "weak garrisons were in no position to enforce" the orders (57).

·         A vision of Spain's direct power in Alta California is apparent; in this land where population was sparse and resources scarce, Spanish power was too sparse and scarce. However, despite Spain's relative weakness in Alta compared with other parts of Latin America, local Governors and military officers commanded enough resources to defend and patrol areas immediately outside population centers. Yet despite their orders, Governors were reluctant to completely sever trading opportunities since relying on the crown for a steady stream of material goods (needles, stockings, thread, and bolts of cloth [pp56]) often proved unpredictable.

o   Yankee whalers, battered by the cold gales of the North Pacific were grateful to find protected California ports in which they could repair both their ships and spirits. They brought with them the implements the colonists desperately wanted and took away "to chilly New England glowing accounts of pastoral California, which helped popularize the province in the American mind."

#8/ Consider the political economy of Alta California under Mexican rule. What were the strengths and weaknesses of Mexican control, and what were the strengths and weakness of those who called themselves Californios? (Rolle Chapters 8 & 9)

·         Although population centers were sparse and new by the early nineteenth century, people worked hard but were relatively well nourished. Despite enjoying positions of immense power, Spanish-born officials, isolated culturally, longed for returning to their motherland. Despite their longing, the rhetoric of the Mexican independence movement, freedom from oppressive and arbitrary authority, appealed to some European and landowning Californians, alarming local officials. If the message of the independence movement enjoyed mild reception from California's upper class, it certainly resonated most strongly with non-Europeans or any classes not permitted to reach the highest echelons of power.

·         Alta California, although "far from the vortex of the revolutionary struggle, became part of an independent Mexico without blood-letting," was not immune to the "eruption of personal rivalries. The constant inflow of people created scrambles for power. In these urban spaces with ever less elbow room for the maintenance of power and prestige, conflict and intrigue was sure to fill the voids. In their isolation, governors understood their precarious situations and would be required to employ cautious politicking if they wanted to keep their positions. Yet despite any and all attempts, no "governor during the entire Mexican period would serve his term without facing a local outbreak against him." (pp70)

9-Hrair Apelian

The gold rush began when James Marshall found some gold in Coloma while trying to ford the river near Sutter’s Mill in 1848. He was not the first person to find gold but his find was made public.

People came to California three major ways, theses were:  around the horn of South America, Isthmus of Panama or Nicaragua and across the plains. Some of these groups met disaster like the Donner party suffered in 1848-49.
People who came to California were looking for their fortune, but the reality for many of them was that mining for gold was hard work. Some people brought their families with while others went by themselves to hit it big. Due to the influx of people artificial inflation hit Northern California and a massive growth in population in a short time.

This sort of frontier camp life led to a sort camaraderie among the people who in some places had their own form of justice system. Societies need law and order to survive so people got together to bring a semblance of order so disorder would not rule.

The mining damaged the California ecosystem while simultaneously driving the California Indian’s away from their land.

10-Hootan Atefyekta #3/ 10

Question #10 - Briefly, what kinds of social and political issues divided Californians in particular and Americans in general? How did these issues affect the process of establishing authority in California and California Statehood?
Social and Political Issues:
Californians:

• One issue that divided Californians was the authority of Mexican officials. Even though they still performed some functions, their power was becoming progressively more questionable. Slowly Americans began to take control, forcing United State’s common law, which subsequently replaced the old Mexican institution. However, some Mexican law was still imposed by American military authorities, which American residents began to complain about. Eventually, a new code of laws was written for California, which undoubtedly pleased its American citizens.
• The other issue that separated Californians was the confusion of exactly which American official was running the show. Fremont, the newly appointed governor, believed that he was the head authority. On the other hand, instructions from Washington placed General Kearny as the senior officer of the state. Fremont attempted to challenge Kearny and was court-martialed in Washington. Convicted of disobedience and even mutiny, he was forced to resign from his position.   

Americans:

• The issue that divided Americans in general was just how to admit California into the Union. Both northerners and southerners had migrated into the state and while some wanted it to be admitted as a free state, others preferred it to be broken into two parts. Southern California would be a state allowing slavery, while the north would be admitted as a free state. As we all know this never happened.  
• Another issue that separated Americans was California’s future boundaries, mainly its eastern border. Some suggested that it should include the desert east of the Sierra, and others were bold enough to even include the Salt Lake Basin. Eventually a line just east of the Sierra crest was drawn. As a consequence, the state became more acceptable to Congress. In September 9, 1850, after weeks of deadlock, California was finally admitted into the Union. Most know this event as the “Compromise of 1850”.  

Authority in California and Statehood:

• Once California had entered the Union its troubles seemed to be only beginning. Due to the fact that it was a lawless frontier and so many people were migrating there, crimes including murder were daily events. Accordingly, mob rule began to take place. Vigilance groups started to appear in major cities such as San Francisco and Sacramento. These groups stated that they were formed to maintain order. However, most of them had their own agendas. Some, for instance, were for suppressing immigrant miners, while others sought to get corrupt officials elected by rigging elections. One example of this anarchy comes from the story of James King, the editor of the Daily Evening Bulletin. According to the book, “King had openly attacked prominent politicians, including James P. Casey, an unsavory… local office-holder. When Casey demanded an apology, he was ordered out of the newspaper’s editorial room…. That evening, Casey approached the newspaperman on the street, drew a revolver, and pulled the trigger.” Casey would eventually be tired and hung for the murder of James King. Nevertheless, instances such as King’s became the norm of life in California. In the end, the 1850s marked a period of unrest and uncertainty for the lives of Californians and the State itself.      

11-Corinne Aveni #3/ 11
Question #11: In what 4 ways did the Gold Rush define California culture and economy?

*It is clear that the gold rush was a catalyst for the type of environment that we live under today, particularly culturally. The Gold Rush defined California by instigating:

1. Collision of Cultures and Genders (migration, immigration, and diversity)
1. The Gold Rush established the cultural diversity that we see in California today, as people flooded Northern California from all over the nation and the world.
2. These are the people/cultures that were represented:

1. Chinese, Chileans, Mexicans, Irish, Germans, French, Turks, Africans,  Native Americans, and other Americans

3. In addition, many social classes were represented – the workingmen who understood hard labor and then “white-collar” individuals, such as lawyers, merchants, and doctors.  
4. The gold rush also opened up opportunities for women.

1. There were not many women (about 1 women for every 20 men), but this actually put women in great demand, particularly for prostitution in the cities.
2. Other women, for example, Sarah Royce, a “highly literate” woman, took the responsibility of taking care of the children and doing chores (cleaning, cooking, etc.) for the men.
3. Actually, it was more likely for the women to make more money by selling baked goods and clothing, than it was for the men to get that amount by panning for gold.

2. Metropolitan Environment, brought on by the factor of diversity of people and of thought
1. According to Rolle, “In 1849 alone, more than 36,000 immigrants arrived in San Francisco by sea. In the next twenty years it became California’s first cosmopolitan city … [and it began when] discouraged prospectors left makeshift ghost towns behind and flocked into the cities, anxious to find any sort of work” (122, 138).
2. The gold rush attracted inginuative minds—those that would create and develop innovations that would have a significant impact on society.

1. 1846: English language newspaper, Californian, began in Monterey
2. 1849: First Presbyterian Church of San Francisco by Rev. Albert Williams
3. 1849: Mission Dolores became the Catholic Church, St. Francis
4. 1849: John C. Pelton founded school, and later the first Academy of Science in the West opened
5. 1849: James E. Birch created the California Stage Line Company
6. Mid-1850s: Steamboat and barge services
7. After 1850: dramatic productions and performances were growing and becoming more popular1860s: the famous Mark Twain wrote short stories
8. John W. Mackay paid for a cable and telegraphic system and in 1860, Los Angeles was linked telegraphically to the Bay area
9. 1860: The Pony Express began and led to the idea of the Central Pacific Railroad
10. 1863: First Transcontinental Railroad begins

3. Robust Enterprise: stimulation of global trade and investment and development of state government and commerce  

1. Gold became the new definition of wealth
1. Before 1848, wealth among Mexican and Anglo settlers in California had been defined by property: land, cattle and houses.
2. During and after the gold rush, gold dust became the priority for payment of goods and services.
3. Gold replaced the “California bank notes” or cowhides.

2. California went from being under the radar to the main destination for thousands of people
3. There were new developments within California’s state government

1. Law enforcement was necessary as various people would try to enforce their own morality by devising “random punishments” and this still did not work.
2. For instance, nativism was a major issue. In 1849, antiforeigner gangs began assaulting Chilean families and creating havoc in the town.
3. Soon after, a “Committee of Vigilance of San Francisco” met to resolve the issues at hand and also create civil order.

4. The idea that California is a place of prospects for wealth and/or fame.
1. California was and might still be a place where people are solely looking to gain something.
2. In the 19th century, people came to California looking for gold to gain.
3. Today, many people come here looking for fame.
4. Overall, the Gold Rush began a new chapter in the life of California, as it instilled a different motivation behind the people who came here and opened up new possibilities that are still unfolding even today.

13-Jackae Bahadoor

Presentation Question: #13 What do you find are the top FOUR developments in California's economy in the 1870's & 1880's?

Outline: Chapters 21&22

1. Railroads
2. A. Transcontinental Railroad
3. 1. getting to East Coast by railroad more cost effective
4. 2. cost of construction risky and prohibitive without huge gov't land grants and loans
5. 3. railroad being built all the way to the Pacific was gradually accepted
6. a. exact route was debated for years
7. b. railroad essential to moving passengers, mail, and freight

            B. June 28, 1861 three California merchants founded the Central Pacific Railroad Company at                      Sacramento

1. Leland Stanford (President)
2. Collis P. Huntington (Vice President)
3. Mark Hopkins (Treasurer)
4. later with Charles Crocker who joined them, they were known as the “Big Four”
5. Theodore D. Judah became the chief engineer of the powerful Central Pacific RR Co.
6. C. July 1, 1862 Congress passed Pacific Railroad bill
7. 1. two construction companies allowed to build railroads which would link both coasts of North America
8. a. the Union Pacific Company: build 1,006 mi. of track westward from Omaha, Nebraska
9. b. Central Pacific Company: build eastward out of California
10. D. May 10, 1869 unite Atlantic and Pacific with bands of steel
11. 1. San Francisco celebrated for three days the completion of the largest engineering job undertaken in North America
12. 2. after completion of Cental Pacific line, the “Big Four” obtained charter for a 2nd railroad called Southern Pacific
13. a. palace sleeping cars carried thousands of excursionists and new settlers
14. b. boxcars transported wheat, gold, silver, lumber

                  3. 1880's Southern Pacific challenged by a new competitive railroad age that had arrived

1. Citrus Industry (Citriculture)
2. A. California's citrus exports included lemons, tangerines, and grapefruit
3. the real symbol of the citrus industry became the orange

            B. 1834 Lous Vignes transplanted 35 groves at his residence in Los Angeles
            C. In 1841 William Wolfskill expanded his orange grove to 70 acres

1. his son sent the first trainload of oranges eastward to St. Louis in 1877

            D. Judge John Wesley North, bought 4,000 acres of barren land on credit and introduced new                        growers to California from Michigan and Iowa
            E. In 1873, Luther Calvin Tibbets and his wife Eliza, introduced the Washington Navel variety                 of oranges to California

1. the two Tibbet trees became the parent stock for planting throughout the 1880s

            F. No crop inspection or fruit quarantime system

1. destructive insects were introduced in California through imported nursery stock
2. black scale caused serious damage to citrus industry
3. frost also a serious problem for industry

            G. 1893 growers formed the cooperative marketing Cralifornia Fruit Growers Exchange

1. its trade name was “Sunkist”
2. new slogan “Oranges for Health and California for Wealth”
3.  
4. California Wine Industry
5. A. Today, 90 percent of the U.S. grape crop and most of its wine comes from California
6. 1. 1857 a group of Germans formed the Los Angeles Vineyard Society
7. 2. using water from the Santa Ana River the colonists planted more than 400,000 grapevines

                  3. 1860 Charles Krug founded Napa Valley Winery
                  4. By 1880s no organiaztion planted more grapes than the Italian-Swiss Agricultural Colony
                        a. so large that there was insufficient cooperage in all of California to hold the wine
                        b. reservoir made for it and it became the largest wine tank in the world
            B.  Agoston Haraszthy “Father of Wine”

1. credited with the introduction in 1851 of Zinfandel grapes

            C. Paul Masson winery at Saratoga, and the Beaulieu vineyards of Georges de Latour, also at                        Rutherford, became internationally important
            D. During the Prohibition Era, Louis M. Martini and Mondavi famlies began to produce quality         table wines near St. Helena in the Napa Valley
                  1. Ernest and Julio Gallo formed the largest winery in the world and later acquired a smaller         Martini enterprise

1. California Real Estate
2. A. Heath Davis and other founders built houses, paved streets, constructed wharfs for visiting    
3.      steamers, and provided hotels for exhausted overland travelers
4. B. Phineas Banning, founder of Wilmington
5. 1. Wilmington wharf and warehouses were built between 1851 and1858
6. 2. the harbor's channel was dug deep enough to float barges and steam tugs carrying freight   
7.     and passengers

            C. later in the nineteenth century, former ranchos became almost instant towns once litigation                        over land titles was finally settled

1. Benjamin D. Wilson enticed a group of colonists from Indiana to the area
2. they laid out a community complete with irrigation conduits leading into new orchards and grain fields

            D. Fortunate factors contributed to the rapid growth of towns

1. low cost of land
2. the energy of speculators in providing water as well as transportation facilities
3. population pressures caused by the railroads

            E. March 7, 1886 the Los Angeles Times reported that cross-country passenger fares which had         formerly been $125 from the Midwest was now $1

• the next year 200,000 persons arrived in California by railroad
• new towns, banks, colleges, and business institutions
• less than two years, 100 communities were in Los Angeles which experienced prodigious growth as a result of:
• a. effective advertising
• b. lure of the climate
• c. railroad competition
• Real Estate speculators stopped at nothing as the state moved from agriculture to urbanization

14-Matt Belfer

Question =  What are the major social divisions in California, and what communities of people emerge with most power? Least power? Why? (Rolle, Chapters 23 & 24).

            The second half of the 1800’s was not a glorious time for California in regards to how certain groups of foreigners were treated.  The major social divisions in California during this time period were whites, and everyone else.  White people considered themselves the superior race, especially when it came to Asians and Native Americans.
            Asians, particularly Chinese people, were treated with extreme hostility by white Californians.  One reason Chinese people were hated some much was that a lot of Chinese miners were amassing more gold then whites.  This of course led the white controlled government to enact the Foreign Miners’ License Law, which imposed a $20 monthly tax on immigrant miners.  This money stealing scheme was not enough for white people, who were again able to pass another law which imposed an additional $50 tax on each foreigner who enter California.  Both of these laws were in response to the growing Chinese population in California.
            The influx of foreign labor was blamed for decreasing wages for native Californians.  Asians were always the scapegoats of this accusation.  Asians would be verbally and physically abused and were constantly trying to keep their culture alive.  One example of this was San Francisco’s “Pig-Tail Ordinance” in 1855, which required Chinese men to cut their long ponytails.   This law was only meant to disparage their culture, because of the hatred whites had towards Asians.   The results of the discrimination Asians endured lead to the establishment of communities such as Chinatown.   But Asians were not the only group of foreigners entering the country.  A lot of European immigrants were coming to California, but since they were white, the blended in.
              California’s Native American population had many ups and downs in regards to their communities.  The Federal government’s attempt to force Indians into reservation did not go according to plan.  The government flipped flopped on how much land to give to the Indians, as well as what type of land.  The whites did not want to give the Indians prime land and many prominent Leaders helped to ensure that would not happen.  This is best displayed by what happened to the first superintendent of Indian affairs, Edward Fitzgerald Beale.  Beale came down on white people who were mistreating Indians, and as a result of Beale’s attempt to foster equal treatment of Indian’s on reservations, resulted in him being charges with malfeasance (public official going against the law) and was forced to resign.  The Indians stood no chance of being equally treated when the United States government was ensuring white supremacy. 
            When considering which groups were the most powerful, white people come out as the winners.  They had the most powerful weapons, understood the law the best, and had the backing of various government entities.  The Chinese were treated poorly, but not as poorly as the Native Americans.  The Chinese were, just like the Indians, robbed of their culture, but the Chinese fared better because they were able to establish Chinatowns.  These Chinatowns were an intricate place of traditional Chinese culture that actually kept Chinese people out of the general public.  In addition Chinatowns usually didn’t take up prime land, so whites were more tolerate about that aspect.  The Indians were the group who had the least amount of power.  Unlike the Chinese, the Indians were usually forced onto specified land by gunpoint.  In addition, Indians had little knowledge about American ownership, which would result in them not being able to put up a good fight over the land given to them. 

15-Michelle Dollente

15. In what ways does the new California Constitution reflect California culture?

The New Constitution of 1879 set in motion a voice for change.  People were not afraid to voice their opinion, especially when it was backed by many others who had the same views.  Civil rights and cultural diversity were addressed, and it became a gateway for people to express themselves freely through various ways. 

I. NEW CONSTITUTION
A. Denis Kearney and the Workingmen’s Party of CA
1. organizing unemployed and disgruntled workers against employers and the Chinese labor force.  He would excite his followers by shouting, “The Chinese Must Go!” 
2. In 1878 they had become a force in state politics.  They had elected a mayor of SF, several state Supreme Court judges, 11 state senators, and 16 assemblymen.
3. Although the Party was considered to be a bunch of dangerous radicals, some of their reform measures had become law. 
a. These included the 8-hour workday, a statewide public school system, reform of a corrupt banking system, and restrictions upon land monopolists.
B. On Sept 1878, CA’s 2nd constitutional convention convened w/152 delegates
1.There were lawyers, farmers, and 35 delegates were foreign born. 
C. State RR Commission
1. body never acted as an effective consumer watchdog on the industry. 
D. Delegates had wanted several anti-Asian clauses
1. strong disapproval of Asian contract labor became part of the document.
a. CA scrapped this original constitution of 1879, because it was later ruled unconstitutional.
E. The restrictions that the new constitution contained had been gained through the energies of the Workingmen’s Party. 
1. Their demands for an 8-hour day, fixed salaries for government jobs, and the creation of a Bureau of Labor Affairs eventually influenced the 2 major parties.

California culture has had a diverse community ever since before its inception of becoming a part of the US in 1850.  Years after the Gold Rush and the completion of the railroads, people were settling in areas like San Francisco and Los Angeles. 

II. CALIFORNIA CULTURE
A. FEMINISM - Among those who had contributed significantly to the new culture were women.  There are a few women mentioned in the text that were advocates for feminism.
1. Caroline Severance had come to California in 1875.  She is one of the first woman reformers. 
2. Harriet Williams Russell Strong. 
B. WRITERS - During this era, there were many people that wrote books, articles, and poetry about California.
1. Helen Hunt Jackson
2. Gertrude Atherton
3. Charles Lummis
4. Mary Austin
5. Frank Norris
6. Ambrose Bierce
7. John Muir
C. NEWSPAPERS - Metropolitan areas were publishing their own newspapers now. 
1. Sacramento, Sacramento Bee, Fresno Bee, and the Modesto Bee
2. Bay Area, the Chronicle. 
3. Southern California, The San Diego Union and the LA Times. 
D. THEATER/MUSIC - The arts were widely accepted among this new group of settlers in the cities. 
E. EDUCATION
1. higher education became important, and colleges were established in this period by many religious organizations. 
F. CUISINE - food and wine in restaurants. 
1. beginning of California fine dining that we are still known for today

18-Bernard Hernandez

21-Samantha Nikiforuk

#21/ What are the defining charactericts of California culture in the twentieth century, according to Rolle, and to what extent do you find these characteristics in Fradkin's "land of fire"? (Rolle Chapter 32; Fradkin on "Land of Fire")

Defining Characteristics of California Culture according to Rolle:
Mild climate and affordable housing attracted a wide variety of transient eccentrics- It became known as a land of spiritualist cults and bizarre social experiments. Organized religions flourished alongside fuzzy, minded Gurus, Yogi mystics, Swami palm Readers, rainmakers, Hindu fakirs, and occultists.
Best Known Faith Healer was Aimee Semple McPherson, a dynamic Canadian Pentecostal evangelist who founded the Four Square Gospel Church in LA. A talented woman, she sometimes wore the white uniform and gold braid of an admiral. From the platform of her Angelus Temple, Sister Aimee, called a miracle woman, combated the devil on behalf of the downhearted and lonely. She had her own broadcast where she would give her emotionally charged services for 25 years. She founded over 200 branches of churches, skillfully mixing entertainment with religion. She was inaccurately portrayed in the movie Chinatown. Repeatedly California was becoming damned as a magnet for eccentrics.
Writers from all over the Nation continued to visit California and would write about their experience.
George Sterling, produced romantic sonnets at Carmel.
Robinson Jeffers, graduated from Occidental College and then settled in Carmel. In his lonely work he contrasted human depravity with the nobility of California’s still pristine Coastline, once writing “Cut humanity out of my being, that is the wound that festers”
Best Known California author- John Steinbeck- Born in Salinas 1902 he poured the anger he felt over widespread social injustices into his California- based fiction. He often wrote about: exploited farm laborers, fisherman, or migrants seeking employment, he pleaded for tolerance and respect of the underdog. In 1962 he won the Nobel prize for literature.

California= a bone yard for aging foreign intellectuals:
Called this because so many European refugees arrived there. Bertrand Russell was a controversial English professor who spent part of the World war 2 years teaching at UCLA. He ungratefully called LA, “ the ultimate segregation of the unfit.
Thomas Mann was another European refugee from Nazism
Performing Arts- at the turn of the century, the state’s leading musical institution was the San Francisco Symphony, founded in 1911.
Los Angeles began its own symphony the Philharmonic in 1919 with the financial backing of William Andrews Clark Jr. Never had a central music hall but played at the Hollywood bowl since 1921.
Drama- Long history in Southern California. In the 1920’s. John Steven McGroarty’s “The Mission Play” drew large crowds.
Film Production- By 1907 Film producers moved from New York and New Jersey to Hollywood for two compelling reasons. California’s year round good weather and variety of scenery and the state was far from eastern debt collectors eager to hound delinquent movie producers.
Film industry- a sleepy little village founded by Kansas prohibitionists before the turn of the century, Hollywood had a town ordinance as late as 1903 that forbade driving more than 2,000 sheep down Hollywood blvd at any one time. Almost overnight, Hollywood became the film center of the world.
Development of the “Start system” the production of films became fantastically expensive. Charlie Chaplin, and English pantomime, became famous all over the world joining Mary Pickford known as “Americas sweetheart, at Mack Sennetts keystone company. In two years Chaplin’s salary went from 150 dollars a week to 10,000.
Theda Bara, Dustin Farnum, Harold Lloyd, Lillian Gish, Rudolph Valentino and Greta Garbo were performers who fans quickly grew to idolize.
The cowboy stars: William S. Hart, Tom Mix, and Ed “hoot” Gibson became the heroes of countless small boys.
The advent of World War 2 led to the collapse of moviemaking in Italy, Germany and England. As a result Hollywood producers gained control of the world market. By 1923 more than 20,000 actors were working before cameras. Their weekly payroll amounting to more than 1 million dollars.

Fradkins’s “Land of Fire”:
Focuses on the natural characteristics of California, “Americas most psychic, occult, and mystic state,” Mount Shasta is the “New Mecca of American spiritualism.”

22-Tonantzin Ochoa

tonantzin Ochoa
History 417
8/14/2011
What are the top leisure pastimes of Californians and what does Fradkin say are the defining characteristics of the "land of water"? (Rolle Chapter 33; Fradkin on "Land of Water"--really, two separate questions)
According to Rolle Sports is the leisure of the Californians. Rolle talks about that when free education united youngsters and led to many different sports.

• Their biggest goal was in uniting the healthy mind and bodies, and they supported competition games that were supervised and run by coaches and referees.
• Today the National Collegiate Athletic Association are involved with the competition of students in state and national championship titles.
• April 4, 1869 the first college women’s basketball game was played. this game involved Stanford University and University of California Berkeley. Men were not allowed to watch and when Richard Nixon became president he signed The Title IX law that prevented gender discrimination and granted equal funding for men and women sports.
• The most famous college sport is football.  The top of the line football schools are University of Southern California, University of California Berkeley, UCLA, and Stanford. during the 1990’s the college level fell on hard times, but in 2001 it all changed with Pete Carroll being hired by USC and led to winning to 2 national titles.  

Baseball, Rolle believes is the state’s best attended sport.

• There were no baseball teams west of St Louis, so in 1958 the Pacific Coast League introduced teams into the minor league baseball. These were the San Francisco Seals, Oakland Oaks, Hollywood stars, Los Angeles Angels and San Diego Padres.
• In 1958, The Brooklyn Dodgers made L.A. their new Home, while the New York Giants moved to San Francisco.
• These teams did very well economically.
• In 1968, Kansas City Athletics became the Oakland A’s.

Another popular sport in California is football.

• The National Football League came to California in 1946, when the Cleveland Rams became the Los Angeles Rams and in San Francisco the 49ers were placed in San Francisco.
• in 1959, the American Football League was established .
• In 1961, The AFL added The Chargers and Raiders to their California teams.
• This helped make the teams famous because color t.v. was affordable , so people became more interested in the colorful uniforms and their exciting plans are clearer to watch. This helped the AFL and NFL to merge.
• In 1970s, The Raiders won three Super Bowl Championships, and the 49ers won five titles by 2000.
• After 49 years, the Rams left from L.A. to St. Louis.

In the 1960s basketball, was opened up to California because the future the state had in sport markets.

• The NBA allowed the Minneapolis Lakers to become the Los Angeles Lakers and the Philadelphia Warriors to the Bay Area. (they were first known as the San Francisco Warriors and then Golden State Warriors).
• Wilt Chamberlin, Jerry West, and Elgin Baylor were gifted players and it rose to new heights with the arrival of Magic Johnson to the Lakers.
• In 1980, Johnson led the Lakers to their first of five championships. Johnsons and Kareem Abdul Jabar and James Worthy were very famous for their “no-look passes” In 2002, Coach Phil Jackson, Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O’Neil led the Lakers to three more championships.
• The teams that belong to the state of California are the Sacramento Kings and Los Angeles Clippers.

Many beach sports came out of the state of California

• In the 1930’s the first two-on-two volleyball games began in the beaches of Southern California. Today this game attracts many people to view the games. Volleyball has made it to the Olympics.
• Surfing was born in 1885 in the mainlands of America by three young Hawaiian princes, in Santa Cruz. The cold water from there made the sport very unpopular. Later George Freeth and Duke Kahanamoku, brought surfing in southern California. Freeth taught swimming, diving, water polo and surfing, as well as lifesaving units responsible for saving lives to young people in southern California during 1907 to 1919. he died because of the flu epidemic of 1918-1919 and his friend Duke Kahanamoku taught swimming and surfing. 

Olympics came to California.

• In 1932, in Los Angeles the Tenth Summer Olympics came to L.A, which had the lowest amount of athletes from around the globe because of the Great Depression.
• The L.A. people applauded Mildred Didrikson because she won two gold medals and a silver medal in track and field.
• Babe Zaharias, became known as the best woman golfer and the best female athlete of the twentieth century.
• In 1960, the Winter Olympics were held in Squaw Valley.
• In 1984, the summer games returned to L.A. even though they believed terrorism, air pollution, traffic and not enough money would affect them. but they were very successful, because the organizers asked for corporate sponsorship , and high advertising and housing athletes and 50,000 volunteers.

Famous Athletes in California

• Tiger Woods- Born in Cypress, California. He appeared in t.v at the age of two. At the age of 3, he shot a 48 for nine holes. at the age of 19, he was the youngest to win the U.S. Amateur Tournament. By the age of 30, he won 10 major golf championships ranking him third and the all time list. He is proud of his African American and Asian routes.
• Another famous athlete is Los Angeles Boxer Oscar de la Hoya. He was given the nickname “Golden Boy”. He wan won the Gold Medal in the Olympics in 1992. He beat fourteen champions in his career.
• There is also Venus and Serena Williams from Lynwood. They became very famous

in the tennis world.
Marketing

• The great weather in California allows a different variety of sports to take place and be televised to people around the world. The skills and the clothing athletes wear allow the state to be the leader in sport events and athletic fashions.
• California is tied with different sports which led to be famous in marketing. Many companies sell their items to a worldwide audience.
• Surfing has also helped popularize the life in California. Music, movies, and fashion are enhanced in California. Swimsuit manufacturers say they make about $1 billion in selling swimsuits. The Beach Boys and Baywatch show that California is the place to be if you want to have fun in the sun, Which Attracts tourism to California every year.

According to Frandkin Tourism is One of California Leisure.

• Frandkin believed in 1990s that tourism was what california’s pastime. Tourism led to selling different things to remember the stat by.
• Frandkin talks about how the Spanish came to and named it the Kingdome of California. Here they believed it was inhabited by Indians and had jewels like pearls, silver, gold and amber.
• James Hittel  wrote a book talking about the wonderful climate, the scenery, the animal-life, plantlife, society, agriculute and mining in California. This book attracted many to
• the State fof Californiapeople to the beautiful state.

23-Benjamin Salin

Question #23: Why Was World War II a turning point for California and the Country?
The war boosted economy in the California during World War 2
Development of Military aircraft in California
Emergence and expansion of companies like airplane companies
Douglas, Northrup, Convair, Consolidated, Vultee and Hughes, aircraft companies.
Cheap land and power.
Production of planes such as the B-17 flying fortress and the P-51 Mustang helped the war effort.
There was an increase in the workforce in California during the war.
One million and a half defense workers came to California increasing the work force.
War time efforts brought on some new progressive ways of working
Women workers.
Women during world war two came did the work left behind by the men who went to war
Womens worker propaganda like
40% of workers in airplane companies in L.A. were women.
Pollution
As factory work went up in California so did pollution in California.
Smog
Dumping of waste into water.
United Nations born in California
In 1945 the nations who had allied against the axis powers in World War 2 met in San Francisco to turn their temporary alliance in to a more permanent one.

25-Amanda Stanwood

26-Adam Vitello

Defining Characteristics of “The Great Valley”
I. Background A. Diversity – Range from aridity and humidity that spanned between the dry plains and
deserts into the marshlands and water systems that would occasionally flood along with the numerous cultures that would come to build their own prosperity.
1. Ripley’s Believe It or Not – 19302 Turlock “had more churches per capita than any other town in the United States”.
B. Northern Great Valley – Sacramento Valley 1. Major Cities: Sacramento, Redding, Chico, Lodi and Davis 2. Main Water Source: Sacramento River 3. Southern Border is the San Joaquin-Sacramento Delta
C. Southern Great Valley – San Joaquin Valley 1. Major Cities: Stockton, Fresno, Merced, Modesto and Bakersfield 2. Main Water Source – San Joaquin River
II. Development–Turlock(StanislausCounty) A. Town Settlement
1. John Mitchell (late 1850s) purchased immense land holdings honestly as opposed to other land moguls of the day. Known as “Uncle Johnnie” and willed his money to four cities to build libraries.
2. Developed hub for Central Pacific Railroad, which brought population growth with arable land.
3. Developed to be agricultural center of the Great Valley, from cattle for hide to the wheat era.
i. Catalysts: Advent of refrigerated railroad car that would “make California the premier agricultural center of the entire earth...”
B. Turlock Irrigation District 1. Impact by Roy Meikle (Chief Engineer 1913-1971)
i. Alan Patterson – “The impact of the irrigation revolution on every level – economic, social, environmental – was so profound that irrigation easily became the most important single fact in the history of the Turlock region.’ And Meikle was the embodiment of irrigation for Turlock”.
2. Contributions and Policies i. Two major dams such as New Don Pedro Dam and numerous lesser projects to
provide agricultural irrigation to the masses ii. Strict policies that criticized overuse – Not liked by all, was shot in a board
meeting in 1945 C. Turlock in the Modern Era
1. Racism – Tensions between the “Yellow Race...reached hysterical proportions” and also became home to a Japanese Internment Camp during WW2.
i. Commentators referred to the “threat” of the “Yellow Race” and equated its severity to such examples as the fall of Athens and Rome as the fell “after ‘imported slaves’ took over the work”. (Check indented quote on pgs. 253-254)
2. Expansion – as seen with Verne Crowell i. In 1960, CSU – Stanislaus brought a population boost and price increase to
property. ii. 1970s brought Highway 99 that lead to westward expansion of the town with the
new commercial infrastructure supported by urban growth plans developed in the
1960s iii.1980s brought a boom in property, as Crowell’s land was $12,000/acre in 1982
and $45,000/acre in 1988. iv.1990s Turlock experienced a temporary setback in the real estate market (along
with the whole state) so that by 1992, Crowell soled 27 acres for $1.62 million
($60,000/acre) v. Outcome: Purchased new land that benefited from treated recycled water rich
with nitrogen turning the legacy of Crowell’s before him into a modern
agricultural establishment within the fertile center of the Great valley III. Final Thought: To put it simply, land had become king in California through the
development in agriculture.

27-Jeff Smith

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